Uretroplastia bulbar con injerto: Una actualización sobre las diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas / Graft Urethroplasty for Bulbar Strictures: An Update on the Different Surgical Techniques

En pacientes con estrechez uretral bulbar de una longitud mayor a 2 cm, que no sean candidatos a otras técnicas, se realiza uretroplastia con injerto. Actualmente se emplean diversas técnicas, cada una con ventajas y desventajas propias. Describir las ventajas y desventajas de las técnicas quirúrgicas empleadas actualmente en la uretroplastia con injerto, así como sus tasas de éxito. Se hizo una búsqueda en PubMed, ClinicalKey y en ScienceDirect, utilizando las palabras claves: "urethral stricture," "urethroplasty," "oral graft" y "flap." Se utilizaron los estudios más relevantes, tanto originales como revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis, en inglés y en español. Las diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas ofrecen ventajas y desventajas teóricas frente a las otras, aunque las tasas de éxito en todas es cercana al 90%, sin ser una francamente superior frente a las demás. La elección de la técnica quirúrgica a realizar depende de las preferencias y experiencia del cirujano, dado que la tasa de éxito para todas las técnicas es similar.

In patients with urethral stricture longer than 2 cm who are not candidates for other techniques, graft urethroplasty is the most performed surgery. Currently, several techniques are used, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the surgical techniques currently used in graft urethroplasty, as well as their success rates. A search was made in PubMed, ClinicalKey and ScienceDirect, using the keywords: "urethral stenosis," "urethroplasty," "oral graft" and "flap." The most relevant original studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyzes were used, both in English and Spanish. The different surgical techniques offer theoretical advantages compared with the others, although the success rates in all are close to 90%, without being frankly superior compared with the others. The choice of the surgical technique to be performed depends on the preferences and experience of the surgeon, given that the success rate for all techniques is similar.

Unique variation of the left testicular artery passing through a vascular hiatus in renal vein / 대한해부학회지

Surgeons should have a thorough knowledge regarding the morphologic variations of the testicular arteries as any injury to this artery during surgery might cause testicular atrophy. We report in here an unusual course of left testicular artery and discuss its embryological basis and its clinical implications. The left testicular artery had a high origin from the anterior aspect of the abdominal aorta at the level of origin of renal artery. In its further course, the left testicular artery passed through a hiatus present in the left renal vein. This unusual course of the testicular artery through the vascular hiatus might lead to its entrapment and is worth reporting in efforts to educate clinicians involved in abdominal and urogenital surgical procedures.

Les complications urologiques liées à la chirurgie pelvienne au CHU du Point-G, à propos de 23 cas

Introduction : Les lésions vésicale et urétérale constituent les complications urologiques les plus fréquentes survenant au décours d'une chirurgie pelvienne soit respectivement 1 à 4% et 0,5 à 3% [6,7]. Ces lésions sont rarement reconnues en peropératoire et posent un problème important auquel sont confrontés les urologues, les gynécologues, les chirurgiens généralistes. Objectif : Etudier les facteurs favorisants les complications urologiques consécutives à la chirurgie pelvienne au CHU du Point-G. Patientes et Méthode : Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective réalisée au CHU du Point-G entre 2006 et 2015. Elle a concerné 23 patientes présentant toute une lésion urologique au décours d'une chirurgie pelvienne. Ces patientes ont subi un examen clinique et para cliniques (Urographie intra veineuse ; le test au bleu de méthylène) dans le but de confirmer la lésion urologique et d'en déterminer la prise en charge. Résultats : l'âge moyen de nos patientes était de 32,00 ans avec des extrêmes allant de 18 à 40 ans. La fuite d'urine était retrouvée chez 82,6% (19/23). Les interventions pourvoyeuses de lésions urologique étaient : la césarienne 52, 2% (12/23), l'hystérectomie 30, 4% (7/23), une association césarienne et hystérectomie 17,4 % (4/23). Le test au bleu de méthylène a été réalisé chez 19 patientes, il a été positif dans 12 cas soit 52,2 % et l'UIV chez 7 patientes. Les lésions rencontrées étaient : la fistule vésico-vaginale retro trigonale 10 cas, la fistule vésico-vaginale sous trigonale 2 cas, la fistule urétéro-vaginale 7 cas, et la ligature urétérale bilatérale 4 cas. La fistulorraphie a été effectuée dans 52,2 % suivie de la réimplantation urétéro-vésicale directe. Les suites opératoires étaient satisfaisantes dans 100% des cas avec l'obtention d'une bonne étanchéité vésicale. La durée moyenne d'hospitalisation était de 12 jours (+/- 4 jours). Conclusion : La chirurgie pelvienne est pourvoyeuse de lésions urologiques. La césarienne et l'hystérectomie sont des facteurs favorisants. Les fistules vésico-vaginales ou des lésions urétérales sont fréquentes

Técnicas obliterativas en el tratamiento quirúrgico del prolapso genital femenino: experiencia en el Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Oriente, Santiago-Chile / Obliterative techniques in the surgical treatment of female genital prolapse: experience in the Metropolitan Health Service Oriente, Santiago-Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El prolapso genital afecta hasta al 50% de las mujeres a nivel mundial, su calidad de vida, percepción corporal y vida sexual. A las pacientes de edad avanzada frecuentemente les ofrecemos técnicas quirúrgicas obliterativas para su manejo. El objetivo fue evaluar los resultados de las técnicas obliterativas basados en nuestra experiencia local. MÉTODOS: análisis retrospectivo de pacientes tratadas con técnicas obliterativas en nuestro hospital entre los años 2008 y 2016. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 78 pacientes, la edad promedio fue de 74.5 años, 11.5% de las pacientes presentaba comorbilidad de mayor riesgo quirúrgico, 24% eran pacientes histerectomizadas por prolapso y 30.8% presentaba incontinencia de orina al momento de la cirugía. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue 52 minutos, 73.1% de las cirugías fueron con técnica de LeFort y 5.1% presentó complicaciones postquirúrgicas precoces. Se contactaron telefónicamente 59 pacientes, 90% refirió mejor calidad de vida, 92% satisfacción con la cirugía, 3.4% recidiva del prolapso y 44% incontinencia urinaria, en su mayoría moderada o severa. La recidiva reportada estuvo acorde a lo reportado en la literatura, pero la incontinencia de orina reportada fue muy alta respecto a lo reportado y de predominio de urgencias. CONCLUSIÓN: las técnicas obliterativas son efectivas en el tratamiento quirúrgico del prolapso y el principal problema postquirúrgico a largo plazo asociado fue la incontinencia de orina de urgencias.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Genital prolapse affects up to 50% of women worldwide, their quality of life, body perception and sex life. For older patients, we often offer obliterative surgical techniques to manage it. The objective was to evaluate the results of the obliterative techniques based on our local experience. METHODS: retrospective analysis of patients treated with obliterative techniques in our hospital between 2008 y 2016. RESULTS: 78 patients were included, with an average age of 74.5 years, 11.5% of the patients had comorbidities of high surgical risk, 24% were previously hysterectomized because of genital prolapse and 30.8% had urinary incontinence at the time of the surgery. Average surgical time was 52 minutes, 73.1% of the surgeries were performed with the LeFort technique and 5.1% presented early postoperative complications. 59 patients were contacted by telephone, 90% reported better quality of life, 92% were satisfied with the surgery, 3.4% had recurrence of the prolapse and 44% reported urinary incontinence, mostly moderate or severe. The reported relapse was in line with what was reported in the literature, but the reported urinary incontinence was very high compared to what was reported, and was predominantly urge incontinence. CONCLUSION: obliterative techniques are effective in the surgical treatment of genital prolapse and the main long term problem after surgery was urge incontinence.

Use of indocyanine green angiography in microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy - lessons learned from our initial experience

ABSTRACT Microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy (MSV) is generally considered the gold standard nowadays in view of the lower risk of complications and recurrence. To achieve complete ligation of veins while preserving testicular artery (TA) during the procedure remains challenging despite the application of high power optical magnification and micro-Doppler ultrasonography. The use of intraoperative indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) with infrared fluorescence operative micro-scope in MSV potentially lowers the incidence of TA injury and shortens the learning curve of novice surgeons. We present our initial experience in the application of the technique in nine patients and explore the potential of the new adjunct.

Functional outcome and quality of life following treatment for rectal cancer / Resultados funcionais e qualidade de vida após tratamento do câncer retal

Introduction: Over the last decades, treatment for rectal cancer has substantially improved with development of new surgical options and treatment modalities. With the improvement of survival, functional outcome and quality of life are getting more attention. Study objective: To provide an overview of current modalities in rectal cancer treatment, with particular emphasis on functional outcomes and quality of life. Results: Functional outcomes after rectal cancer treatment are influenced by patient and tumor characteristics, surgical technique, the use of preoperative radiotherapy and the method and level of anastomosis. Sphincter preserving surgery for low rectal cancer often results in poor functional outcomes that impair quality of life, referred to as low anterior resection syndrome. Abdominoperineal resection imposes the need for a permanent stoma but avoids the risk of this syndrome. Contrary to general belief, long-term quality of life in patients with a permanent stoma is similar to those after sphincter preserving surgery for low rectal cancer. Conclusion: All patients should be informed about the risks of treatment modalities. Decision on rectal cancer treatment should be individualized since not all patients may benefit from a sphincter preserving surgery "at any price". Non-resection treatment should be the future focus to avoid the need of a permanent stoma and bowel dysfunction.

Introdução: Ao longo das últimas décadas, o tratamento do câncer retal melhorou substancialmente com o desenvolvimento de novas opções terapêuticas. Com a melhoria da sobrevida, os resultados funcionais e a qualidade de vida são cada vez mais tidos em consideração. Objetivos do estudo: Rever as modalidades atuais de tratamento do câncer retal, com enfase nos resultados funcionais e qualidade de vida. Resultados: Os resultados funcionais após tratamento para o câncer retal é influenciado pelas características do doente, do tumor, da técnica cirúrgica, do uso de radioterapia pré-cirúrgica e do método e nível da anastomose. A cirurgia poupadora de esfíncter do câncer retal baixo resulta frequentemente em maus resultados funcionais que prejudicam a qualidade de vida, denominados síndrome da ressecção anterior baixa. A amputação abdominoperitoneal impõe a necessidade de uma colostomia definitiva mas evita os riscos de resultados funcionais deficitários. Contrariamente à crença geral, a qualidade de vida a longo-prazo em doentes com colostomia definitiva é semelhante à qualidade de vida após cirurgia poupadora de esfíncter do câncer retal baixo. Conclusão: Todos os doentes devem ser informados sobre o risco das opções terapêuticas. A decisão do tratamento do câncer retal deve ser individualizada uma vez que nem todos os doentes beneficiarão de uma cirurgia poupadora de esfíncter "a qualquer preço". A possibilidade de tratamento sem ressecção devem ser o foco futuro para evitar a necessidade de uma colostomia definitiva e disfunção gastrointestinal.

Effects and complications of five surgical approaches to the treatment of varicocele: A comparative study / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the effects and complications of subinguinal microscopic ligation, laparoscopic transperitoneal varicocelectomy, laparoscopic retroperitoneal varicocelectomy, open retroperitoneal high ligation, and interventional embolotherapy in the treatment of varicocele.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We conducted a retrospective study that included 632 varicocele patients treated by subinguinal microscopic ligation (group A, n = 79), laparoscopic transperitoneal varicocelectomy (group B, n = 120), laparoscopic retroperitoneal varicocelectomy (group C, n =137), open retroperitoneal high ligation (group D, n = 283), and interventional embolotherapy (group E, n = 13). We compared the baseline and 3-month postoperative semen parameters, postoperative complications, and pregnancy rate among the five groups of patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The operation time was longer in groups A ([2.02 ± 1.25] h) and E ([2.17 ± 1.02] h) than in the other three groups, while the postoperative hospital stay was the shortest in group E ([1.1 ± 0.1] d). Intestinal injury or incision bleeding occurred intraoperatively in 2 cases in group B and 1 case in group E. Postoperative scrotal edema developed in 3.7, 17, 10, and 19% of the patients in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively, but not in group E. The rate of 1-year recurrence was the lowest in group A (1.6%) and highest in group E (22%). Sperm concentration and the percentages of progressively motile sperm and morphologically normal sperm were improved postoperatively in all the patients (P < 0. 05), but there were no statistically significant differences among the five groups either in the above three parameters or in the postoperative pregnancy rate (P > 0. 05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In the surgical treatment of varicocele, laparoscopic retroperitoneal approach involves short operation time and few complications, subinguinal microscopic ligation has the advantages of little injury, rapid recovery, and few complications but requires specialized microsurgical techniques, and interventional embolotherapy leaves no incision scar and needs only local anesthesia and 1-day postoperative hospital stay, which is uitable for those with a contraindication to anesthesia.</p>

Cirugía laparoscópica de la fístula vesico-vaginal: resultados de una experiencia multi-institucional / Laparoscopic surgery of vesicovaginal fistula: results of a multi institutional experience

Introduction: vesico-vaginal fistula is a rare complication of gynecologic surgery, with a high rate of surgical resolution O'Conor open technique. Aim: to report the results of a multi-institutional experience in laparoscopic repair of vesico-vaginal fistula. Material and Methods: between january 2006 and june 2011, 21 laparoscopic vesico-vaginal fistula were performed. The surgical technique, demographic variables and results are described. Results: the mean age was 45.6 years. The average time between the diagnosis of the fistula and the laparoscopic repair was 15.23 months. The mean total operative time (bladder and laparoscopic) was 153.12 minutes and the average hospital stay was 2.7 days. The average time of bladder catheter was 9.4 days. There was a minimal recurrence of a fistula, repaired by a vaginal approach. Urethrocystography revealed indemnity of the repair in the other 20 cases. The overall success rate was 95.2 percent (20 out of 21 patients) Conclusions: the laparoscopic approach follows all principles for repair of a vesico-vaginal fistulas. It look like a good alternative in the hands of experienced surgeons.

Introducción: la fístula vesico-vaginal es una complicación infrecuente de la cirugía ginecológica, con alta tasa de resolución quirúrgica con la técnica abierta tradicional de O'Conor. Objetivo: comunicar los resultados de una experiencia multi-institucional en la reparación laparoscópica de las fístulas vesico-vaginales. Material y Método: entre enero de 2006 y junio de 2011 se realizaron 21 reparaciones de fístulas vesico-vaginales por vía laparoscópica. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica y se analizan las variables demográficas, quirúrgicas y resultados de la serie. Resultados: la edad media de las pacientes fue de 45,6 años. El tiempo promedio transcurrido entre el diagnóstico de la fistula y su reparación laparoscópica fue de 15,23 meses. El tiempo quirúrgico medio total (vesical y laparoscópico) fue de 153,12 min y el de hospitalización 2,7 días. El tiempo promedio de catéter uretro-vesical fue de 9,4 días. Hubo una mínima recidiva de una fístula, la cual fue reparada por vía vaginal. El control radiológico mediante cistografía reveló indemnidad de la reparación en el resto de los casos. La tasa global de éxito fue de 95,2 por ciento (20 de 21 pacientes) Conclusiones: el abordaje laparoscópico permite cumplir con todos los principios para la reparación de las fístulas vesico-vaginales. La reducción de la morbilidad y la eficacia del procedimiento, lo transforman en una excelente alternativa en manos de cirujanos experimentados.

Postoperative complications of microscopic versus Palomo varicocelectomy for varicocele in army personnel / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the postoperative complications of microscopic and conventional Palomo varicocelectomy in the treatment of varicocele in army personnel.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 260 army personnel with varicocele were randomized to receive microscopic varicocelectomy (group A, n=130) and conventional Palomo varicocelectomy (group B, n=130). The postoperative recurrence and complications (scrotal edema, testicular pain and testicular atrophy) were compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After 1 year of follow-up, the recurrence rates in groups A and B were statistically comparable (5.3% vs 3.8%, P>0.05). The incidences of testicular atrophy and scrotal edema were significantly lower in group A than in group B (0.7% vs 3.1%, P<0.05; 3.1% vs 14.6%, P<0.05), and the rate of testicular pain relief was significantly higher in group A (90.7% vs 67.7%, P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Microscopic varicocelectomy can be a good choice in the treatment of varicocele in army personnel.</p>

Sling uretral pubovaginal e cirurgia de controle de danos / Pubovaginal sling urethral and surgery damage control

O sling pubovaginal tem sido empregado no tratamento da incontinência urinária de esforço, tanto do tipo deficiência esfincteriana intrínseca como dos tipos anatômica e associada. Complicações ao procedimento são frequentes, porém, simples e transitórias. Os autores relatam um caso de lesão de vasos pélvicos transoperatória (sling pubovaginal), sendo necessária a cirurgia de controle de danos.

The pubovaginal sling is currently being used not only for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) type III as well as for we other types of SUI. The complications are frequent, in general not serious and transitory. The authors report the case of bleeding venous origin, from the fossa of the obturator nerve, the iliac plexus and presacral plexus and necessary the damage control.

Microscopic versus laparoscopic varicocelectomy in the treatment of varicocele: effects and complications / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the effects and postoperative complications of microscopic varicocelectomy (MV) and laparoscopic varicocelectomy (LV) in the treatment of varicocele.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We assigned 72 varicocele patients to two groups of equal number to be treated by MV and LV. We compared the two groups in the semen parameters before and 3 months after surgery, postoperative complications, and pregnancy rates of the patients'wives.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The operative time was significantly longer in the MV than in the LV group (P<0.05). The postoperative hospital stay showed no significant difference between the MV and LV groups ([2.2 +/- 2.7] d vs [2.8 +/- 0.8] d). Sperm concentration, sperm motility and the percentage of grade a + b sperm were significantly increased in both groups after surgery (P<0.05), but with no significant differences between the two. The pregnancy rate was 65.2% in the former and 57.1% in the latter. Postoperative hydrocele occurred in 5 cases in the LV, but none in the MV group. There were no statistically significant differences in recurrence between the two groups (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>MV is superior to LV for its minimal invasiveness, economical anesthesia, faster recovery and lower rates of postoperative complications and recurrence.</p>

Recurrent Varicoceles: Causes and Treatment Using Angiography and Magnification Assisted Subinguinal Varicocelectomy

PURPOSE: To investigate the causes of varicocele recurrence and assess the use of embolization and subinguinal varicocelectomy in its treatment in patients with angiography and subinguinal varicocelectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study involved 15 patients with recurrent varicoceles. The mean patient age was 21.2 years (range: 12-42 years). Preoperative angiography was performed in 11 patients. Embolization was used in patients with patent internal spermatic veins (ISVs). Patients without patent ISVs or preoperative angiography underwent magnification-assisted subinguinal varicocelectomy which included testicular retrieval and ligation of all collateral veins except arteries and deferential veins. RESULTS: Seven among 11 patients (64%) which had preoperative angiography had patent ISVs and underwent embolization and 8 patients underwent subinguinal varicocelectomy. Of those 8 patients, 6 had dilated ISVs and external spermatic veins (ESVs), one had dilated ISVs and gubernacular veins, and one had dilated ISVs, ESVs and gubernacular veins. No patient experienced recurrence or testis atrophy. CONCLUSION: Patent ISVs or collateral veins may be the cause of recurrence after varicocelectomy. Angiographic embolization was successful in 64% of recurrent varicoceles patients with patent ISVs. However, microscope-assisted subinguinal varicocelectomy may be the best overall treatment for patients with recurrent varicoceles.

Inguinal optic loupe varicocelectomy

Microsurgical loupe inguinal varicocelectomy has been associated with relatively high success rates and minimal postoperative complications. The aim of this study is to analyze the results of a group of patients who underwent inguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy using optic loupe magnifications. From April 2003 to April 2007, 72 patients underwent loupe-assisted inguinal varicocelectomy. In 68 patients [94.3%][the varicoceles were left sided, in 1 patient [1.3%] it was right sided and they were bilateral in 3 patients [4.1%]. The mean age was 26.9 years [range: 16.42]. Fifty four patients [75%] were infertile and 18 patients [25%] had painful scrotal sensation, in 6 of them oligoasthenospermia [OAT] was detected. The diagnosis was based on clinical features namely testicular pain and, or scrotal hypersensation and physical examination. Color duplex ultrasonogrphy [CDUS] was performed in persistent cases. The majority of varicoceles were stage II and III, of them 5 [6.9%] were persistent cases. In 10 patients [13.9] OAT was mild [sperm number 10-20 millions], In 30 patients [41.6%] was moderate [5.10 millions] and in 18 [25%] was severe [less than 5 millions]. Azoospermia was detected in 2 patients [2.7%]. Furthermore, 12 patients [16.6%] had normal spermiogram. The loupe-assisted microsurgical inguinal "artery-and lymphatic-sparing" technique of dissection was performed under general anesthesia. All operations were performed as outpatient procedures [postoperative stay 3.7 hours] and the mean operating time was 45 minutes [30.55]. Follow up was performed by physical examination and semen analysis. Color duplex ultrasonogrpahy [CDUS] was done only if persistence was suspected. Immediate and long-term complications were hydrocele in 1 patient [1.3%], palpable persistence in 4 patients [5.2%] and found abscess in 1 patient [1.3%]. Forty four out of sixty [73.3%] patients showed an improvement of semen analysis and from the 30 patients who continued follow up, 14 [47%] have conception. Finally 6 out of 18 patients [33.3%] who presented with scrotal pain have their pain disappeared. Loupe-assisted inguinal varico-celectomy is a safe and effective method. It preserves spermatic artery and lymphatics and minimizes the risk of complications and persistence. In our experience this technique of varicocelectomy showed an improvement of semen analysis and the results are comparable to those obtained by the standard microsurgical technique using the microscope

Genitoplastía feminizante en pacientes con defectos de la diferenciación sexual: resultados actuales y controversias / Feminising genitoplastic in patients with disorders of sexual differentiation: news results and controversys

Determinar los resultados anatómicos, estéticos y las complicaciones de una técnica quirúrgica estandarizada, a través de un acceso perineal para reconstruir los genitales externos e internos virilizados en pacientes con defectos de la diferenciación sexual (DDS) asociados a una confluencia uretravaginal alta, utilizando la movilización parcial del seno urogenital (SUG). Material y métodos:Diez y seis pacientes con DDS y un SUG significativamente virilizado (Prader IV) fueron tratados a una edad mediana de 1,45 años (rango: 0,4-5,3) con una genitoplastia que incluye: vaginoplastia, labioplastia y clitoroplastia. El SUG movilizado –por debajo de los ligamentos pubouretrales– se utilizó para confeccionar la cara anterior distal de la vagina y el vestíbulo vaginal. Se empleó un colgajo cutáneo perineal para la plástica de la cara posterior distal de la vagina. Seguimiento mediano 7,4 años (rango 2-13). Once pacientes padecían hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita, 4 insensibilidad parcial a los andrógenos y 1, disgenesia gonadal mixta. El seguimiento se realizó cada 4 meses el primer año y anualmente después. En las historias clínicas se registró la opinión de los padres y la de los médicos participantes sobre el aspecto femenino posoperatorio de los genitales. Resultados: En las 16 pacientes el introito vaginal se ubicó en el vestíbulo, por debajo del meato uretral. Dos pacientes sufrieron atrofia del glande. Los padres y médicos participantes coincidieron que la genitoplastia brindó un aspecto estético femenino en todas las pacientes. Se consideraron insatisfactorios los resultados en las dos pacientes con atrofia del glande. Una paciente sufrió incontinencia de orina, tratada con éxito con una inyección endoscópica de una sustancia biomédica y la otra paciente, una estrechez de la plástica vaginal. Conclusiones: Este estudio afirma la eficacia de la técnica descripta para tratar pacientes con DDS que presentan genitales virilizados, con una confluencia vaginal alta. Los autores tienen presente que estos resultados iniciales prometedores deben ser evaluados a largo plazo en la adolescencia.

Aspectos citológicos, histológicos e morfológicos de neovaginas de mulheres e transmulleres / Cytological, histological and morphological aspects of women and transwomen

O estudo das neovaginas em mulheres e principalmente em transexuais masculinos operados inclui pequeno número de casos e conta com pouco detalhamento sobre o assunto. Algumas perguntas ainda estão por ser respondidas: é necessária a colpocitologia oncoparasitária? Se necessária, em que espaço de tempo? Devemos nos preocupar com a infecção pelo HPV? Quanto tempo é necessário para haver a completa metaplasia do epitélio utilizado? A flora bacteriana é semelhante? Com o objetivo de chamar a atenção para o tema, realizamos uma revisão bibliográfica, abordando aspectos cirúrgicos, oncocitopatológicos, histológicos e morfológicos de neovaginas de mulheres biológicas e transmulheres (transexuais masculinos).

The neovagina studies in women and mainly in operated male transsexuals (transwomen) are few and with few cases specified. Their follow-up is also difficult. Some questions have not been answered yet: is the oncologic colpocytology necessary? If it is necessary, what would the best time to do it? Shall we be worried about HPV infection? What is the necessary time to completely metaplasia? Is the bacterial flora similar? With the purpose of calling attention to this subject, we made a bibliography revision approaching cytological, histological and morphologic aspects of women and transwomen neovaginas (male-to-female transsexual).

Challenges of Surgical Repair of Hypospadias in Ile-Ife; Nigeria

Objective: To document the presentation; outcome and challenges of management of hypospadias in a resource-limited setting. Patients and Methods: For this retrospective study we analyzed the files of all patients with hypospadias managed at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital; Ile-Ife; Nigeria between 1996 and 2006. The parameters studied were the patients' bio-data; clinical presentation; treatment and outcome. Results: During the 10-year period under review 51 cases of hypospadias were managed. The majority of the patients (n=39; 76.5) presented within the first year of life with a mean age at presentation of 1 year and 8 months; though most of the repairs were done in the 2nd; 3rd and 4th years of life. Of the 51 patients 46 (90.2) came from rural and semi-urban areas and 18 (35.3) had been circumcised before presentation. Surgical repair consisted of preputial island flap in 22 patients (43.1) followed by a peri-meatal based flap (Mathieu procedure) in 16 patients (31.4). The MAGPI procedure was used in 5 patients (9.8) and the Snodgrass procedure in 1 (2). Staged repair was necessary in 7 patients (13.7). Post-operative complications were encountered in 15 patients with urethrocutaneous fistula being the commonest one (11 patients; 21.6). Conclusion: Our results show that hypospadias can be successfully managed in a low- resource setting

Manejo do prolapso de cúpula vaginal / Management of the vaginal vault prolapse

O prolapso de cúpula vaginal é uma das situações mais desafiadoras para o cirurgião pélvico reconstrutor. Numerosos procedimentos têm sido descritos para o reparo do prolapso apical, seja por via vaginal ou abdominal, mas dados conflitantes em relação ao melhor procedimento cirúrgico ainda existem. A literatura está repleta de séries cirúrgicas relatando diferentes taxas de sucesso e complicações, mas poucos estudos randomizados comparando as diferentes técnicas estão disponíveis. O cirurgião deve ser versátil e flexível na escolha do acesso cirúrgico e deve estar apto a oferecer às pacientes uma variedade de opções cirúrgicas, uma vez que elas tendem a apresentar diferentes eficácias e complicações. É importante adequar o reparo à anatomia e aos objetivos funcionais e pessoais de cada mulher, a fim de individualizar apropriadamente o tratamento. Este manuscrito revisa aspectos relacionados ao tratamento dessa enfermidade, com ênfase às técnicas cirúrgicas.

Initial experience with robot-assisted varicocelectomy / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>AIM</b>To determine if robot-assisted varicocelectomy can be safely and effectively performed when compared to microscopic inguinal varicocelectomy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eight patients aged 29.1+/-12.5 years underwent microscopic subinguinal varicocelectomies: seven patients with left-sided repair, and one patient with bilateral repair. Eight patients aged 22.0+/-8.0 years underwent robot-assisted varicocelectomies: seven patients with left-sided repair and one patient with bilateral repair.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average operative time for microscopic inguinal varicocelectomy was 73.9+/-12.2 min, whereas the robot-assisted technique took 71.1+/-21.1 min. There were no difficulties in identifying and isolating vessels and the vas deferens with robot-assisted subinguinal varicocelectomy. Hand tremor was eliminated using the robotic procedure. Patients who underwent either microscopic or robot-assisted varicocelectomies were able to resume daily activities on the day of surgery and full activities within 2 weeks. There were no complications or recurrences of varicocele.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>From our experience, compared to microscopic surgery, robot-assisted varicocelectomy can be safely and effectively performed, with the added benefit of eliminating hand tremor.</p>

Abordaje sagital posterior, una forma de manejo en descensos urogenitales / Later sagittal approach: a technical option for urogenital descent

El abordaje sagital posterior ha sido ampliamente descrito en patología Ano-Rectal; en la última década se ha extendido su utilidad en patologías urológicas complejas. En el presente trabajo se muestra la experiencia de este abordaje en pacientes con Seno urogenital (SUG). Materiales y método: Se realizó en 9 pacientes, 5 por SUG exclusivo (debido a hiperplasia suprarrenal virilizante) y 4 portadoras de cloaca. Resultados: La edad promedio de la cirugía fue de 6 años con un rango de 1 a 16 años. El largo promedio del SUG fue de 4 centímetros (2 a 6 cm.). En una paciente sólo se realizó descenso del canal común dejándolo como uretra pues no permitió el descenso vaginal, esta paciente es portadora de doble vagina y ha evolucionado con hidrocolpos a repetición por lo que ha debido ser drenado en 2 ocasiones. De las 9 pacientes en 2 no se puede evaluar continencia urinaria (1 con vesicostomía y la otra aún no adquiere continencia por edad); de las 7 restantes 2 mantienen un régimen de Cateterismo intermitente limpio, 1 paciente evolucionó con incontinencia de orina de esfuerzo que no ha sido tratado aun pues se está esperando mayor tiempo de postoperatorio (3 meses actualmente), las 4 restantes (todas portadoras de SUG) tienen continencia urinaria normal. 7 pacientes tienen continencia fecal, 2 pacientes no pueden ser evaluadas por estar aún colostomizadas. En cuanto a estenosis vaginal no se ha reoperado a ninguna paciente, requiriendo dilataciones bajo anestesia en 3 de ellas. El seguimiento promedio es de 2 años (3 meses a 5 años). Conclusión: Preferimos el abordaje sagital posterior en SUG de más de 2 cm. por que da un excelente campo quirúrgico, conserva la continencia fecal, disminuye la incidencia de estenosis vaginal y mejora los resultados estéticos. Evita además el uso de colgajos perineales y preservala continencia urinaria cuando no está asociado a cloaca.

The posterior sagittal approach has been broadly described in anorectal pathology. We report our experience with this technique for the management of patients with urogenital sinus (UGS). Materials and methods: It was carried out in 9 patients, 5 for exclusive UGS (due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia) and 4 with cloaca. Results: Mean age was 6 years (range 1 to 16 years). Mean UGS was 4cm (range 2 to 6 cm). In one patient common channel descent was performed leaving it as a urethra since vaginal descent was not feasible, this patient had a double vagina and evolved with hidrocolpos requiring drainage in 2 occasions. Of the 9 patients, 2 could not be evaluated for incontinence (1 pediatric and 1with vesicostomy). Of the remaining 7, 2 are under clean intermittent catheterization, 1 evolved stress urinary incontinence, 4 (all with of UGS) are continent. Seven patients have fecal continence, 2 patients cannot be evaluated because of colostomys. Three patients required dilation for vaginal stricture. Mean follow-up is 2 years (range 3 months to 5 years). Conclusion: We prefer the posterior sagittal approach in UGS of more than 2 cm because it provides an excellent surgical field, it conserves the fecal continence, it diminishes the incidence of vaginal strictures and it improves cosmetics. It also avoids the use of perineal flaps while preserving continence when it is not associated to cloaca.

Minitipóia com enxerto autógeno de mucosa vaginal para tratamento cirúrgico da incontinência urinária de esforço / Mini-sling with autogenous graft of vaginal mucous membrane for surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence

O polipropileno monofilamentar, produto derivado do gás propano, comercializado como tela de Márlex, tem sido o tipo de prótese mais utilizada em nosso meio para correção dos defeitos herniários da parede abdominal. O produto estimula o crescimento de fibroblastos e essa fibroplasia induzida é a principal responsável pelo reforço desejado. Desde a década de 90, esse mesmo material, vem sendo utilizado também para o tratamento cirúrgico da incontinência urinária de esforço por varias técnicas. Dentre elas, uma utiliza instrumental que limita o uso aos ginecologistas e apresenta complicações, além do risco de infecção e erosão, que são complicações inerentes ao uso das telas. Tecidos autógenos como fascia lata e mucosa vaginal têm sido utilizados, mas com transfixação dos fios de sutura para via suprapúbica. Uma forma de se evitar os inconvenientes dessa via de acesso é a fixação do retalho de mucosa da vagina aos ligamentos pubovesicouretral por via baixa.